Freeze Crystallization

Description

• Process
• Put the process water in a cylinder
• Cool the cylinder walls
• Pure ice forms on the wall, concentrating the metals in the center
• Drain the liquid containing the concentrated metals
• Melt the ice to get purifed water
• Example processes:
• copper sulfate
• ferrous sulfate

Advantages / Limitations

• Reduces the water used and wastewater generated

Requirements

• Train and monitor employees – give incentives for superior performance